Rare Earth Products

From mine to magnet - explore all commercially traded rare earth products across the value chain.

Concentrates(1)→Oxides(16)→Metals(10)→Alloys(2)→Magnets(3)

View Elements →•Explore Supply Chain Map →•Browse Companies →

Concentrates

(1)

Unseparated ore concentrate containing mixed rare earth oxides - the raw output of mining operations.

Product Name	Type	Market Description
REO Concentrate	Mineral Concentrate	Mixed Rare Earth Oxide concentrate produced from mining operations, containing all lanthanides before separation.

Oxides

(16)

Separated rare earth oxides - the benchmark tradeable form and primary pricing reference for each element.

Product Name	Type	Market Description
Cerium Oxide	Polishing, Catalysts	Cerium oxide is used for glass polishing, catalytic converters, and as a UV filter.
Didymium Oxide	Glass Colorant, Magnets	Didymium is a mixture of neodymium and praseodymium oxides, used in glass colorants and magnets.
Dysprosium Oxide	Magnet Additive	Dysprosium oxide is used to improve high-temperature performance of NdFeB magnets.
Erbium Oxide	Fiber Optics, Lasers	Erbium oxide is the precursor to erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), the backbone of global long-distance fiber optic telecommunications. Growing demand from data center and subsea cable infrastructure drives an increasingly active oxide market.
Europium Oxide	Phosphors	Europium oxide yields the most efficient red and blue phosphors for display technologies, LED lighting, and fluorescent lamps. It is also used in anti-counterfeiting security inks for banknotes due to its distinctive UV fluorescence.
Gadolinium Oxide	Medical Imaging, Nuclear	Gadolinium oxide is the precursor to gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents, enhancing image clarity for medical diagnosis. Its exceptionally high neutron capture cross-section also makes it valuable for nuclear reactor shielding and control applications.
Holmium Oxide	Specialty Materials	Holmium oxide is used in magnetic flux concentrators and specialized high-field magnets, leveraging holmium's exceptionally high magnetic moment. It is also the source material for holmium lasers used in medical procedures such as lithotripsy.
Lanthanum Oxide	Battery Alloys, Catalysts	Lanthanum oxide is used in battery alloys (NiMH), camera lenses, and catalysts.
NdPr Oxide	Magnet Feedstock	Neodymium-Praseodymium (NdPr) oxide is the primary feedstock for high-strength permanent magnets used in EV motors, wind turbines, and electronics.
Neodymium Oxide	Magnet Feedstock	Separated neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) is the primary input for NdFeB magnet alloys. It is traded independently of NdPr blends and priced on its own in the rare earth market.
Praseodymium Oxide	Magnet Feedstock	Separated praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11) is used in NdFeB permanent magnets and as a glass colorant. It is independently priced and traded separately from NdPr blends.
Samarium Oxide	Specialty Magnets, Nuclear	Samarium oxide is the feedstock for samarium-cobalt (SmCo) magnets, which deliver outstanding high-temperature and corrosion-resistant performance used in aerospace, defense, and industrial motors. It also serves as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactors.
Scandium Oxide	Aerospace Alloys, Fuel Cells	Scandium oxide is used to produce scandium-aluminum alloys that dramatically improve the strength-to-weight ratio of aerospace components. It is also a key electrolyte material in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and commands among the highest per-kilogram prices of all rare earth oxides.
Terbium Oxide	Phosphors, Magnet Additive	Terbium oxide is used in green phosphors and as an additive in magnets and magnetostrictive materials.
Ytterbium Oxide	Industrial Lasers, Atomic Clocks	Ytterbium oxide is the source material for ytterbium-doped fiber lasers, which dominate high-power industrial laser cutting and welding applications. It is also used in atomic clock research and as a calibration standard in precision metrology.
Yttrium Oxide	Phosphors, Ceramics	Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) is one of the highest-volume rare earth products globally, used in red phosphors for displays and LEDs, high-performance ceramics, and as a dopant in laser crystals. It is a benchmark product for HREE market pricing.

Metals

(10)

Reduced metallic forms of rare earth elements, used directly in alloy production and magnet manufacturing.

Product Name	Type	Market Description
Cerium Metal	Separated Metal	Cerium metal is used in mischmetal alloys, pyrophoric flints, and as a reducing agent in metallurgy. As the most abundant rare earth, cerium metal commands low prices but large volumes in global trade.
Dysprosium Metal	Magnet Additive Metal	Dysprosium metal is preferred over the oxide form for grain-boundary diffusion processing in high-performance NdFeB magnets, providing superior coercivity enhancement for EV motors operating at elevated temperatures.
Lanthanum Metal	Separated Metal	Lanthanum metal is used in nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery electrodes, hydrogen storage alloys, and as a component of mischmetal. It is one of the most abundant and lowest-priced rare earth metals.
NdPr Metal	Magnet Feedstock Metal	NdPr metal is the reduced metallic form of NdPr oxide and the direct input for sintering NdFeB permanent magnets. It is priced alongside NdPr oxide and is a key indicator of magnet supply chain health.
Neodymium Metal	Separated Metal	Separated neodymium metal is a key input for NdFeB magnet sintering. It is independently quoted on Chinese commodity markets and serves as a reference price for the broader magnet supply chain.
Praseodymium Metal	Separated Metal	Praseodymium metal is used in NdFeB magnet alloys and as a standalone metal for specialty glass and ceramics. It is traded and priced separately on Asian commodity markets.
Samarium Metal	Separated Metal	Samarium metal is alloyed with cobalt to produce SmCo permanent magnets, which offer superior performance at high temperatures compared to NdFeB. It is also used as a neutron absorber in nuclear reactor control rods.
Scandium Metal	Aerospace Alloys, Fuel Cells	Scandium metal is alloyed with aluminum to produce ultra-lightweight, high-strength aerospace structural materials. It is also used as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrolyte additive. Scandium is one of the most expensive rare earth metals by mass, often trading above $2,000/kg.
Terbium Metal	Magnet Additive Metal	Terbium metal is used in grain-boundary diffusion to boost coercivity of NdFeB magnets, particularly in premium EV and wind turbine applications. It commands among the highest prices per kilogram of any commercially traded rare earth product.
Yttrium Metal	Separated Metal	Yttrium metal is used in high-performance alloys for aerospace turbine blades, superconductors, and as a getter in vacuum tubes. It is an important HREE metal with a well-established traded market.

Alloys

(2)

Mixed-element alloys combining rare earths with each other or with transition metals for specific performance targets.

Product Name	Type	Market Description
Mischmetal	REE Alloy	Mischmetal is an unseparated rare earth alloy typically containing cerium (~50%), lanthanum (~25%), neodymium (~18%), and praseodymium (~7%). It is used in steel desulfurization, pyrophoric lighter flints, and as a battery electrode additive. Mischmetal commands low prices and trades in high volumes.
NdFeB Master Alloy	Magnet Alloy	NdFeB master alloy is a strip-cast intermediate material containing neodymium (~30%), iron (~68%), and boron (~1%), with optional dysprosium or terbium additions. It is the direct precursor for sintered NdFeB magnet production and represents the key value-add step between separated oxides and finished magnets.

Magnets

(3)

Finished permanent magnet products - the highest-value downstream application of rare earth elements.

Product Name	Type	Market Description
NdFeB Bonded Magnets	Permanent Magnet	NdFeB bonded magnets are produced by combining NdFeB powder with a polymer binder, enabling complex net-shape geometries not achievable with sintering. They offer lower magnetic strength than sintered magnets but are used in small motors, sensors, and actuators where shape flexibility matters.
NdFeB Sintered Magnets	Permanent Magnet	NdFeB sintered magnets are the strongest commercially available permanent magnets, used in EV traction motors, wind turbine generators, hard disk drives, and consumer electronics. They contain approximately 28-32% neodymium by weight and often include dysprosium or terbium for high-temperature performance. China produces over 90% of global supply.
SmCo Magnets	Permanent Magnet	Samarium-cobalt (SmCo) magnets offer exceptional thermal stability and corrosion resistance, maintaining performance at temperatures exceeding 300°C. They are the preferred choice for aerospace, defense, and high-reliability industrial applications where NdFeB would demagnetize. SmCo magnets contain approximately 35% samarium by weight.